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Each year in the United States approximately 32,000-61,000 LBW and 14,000-26,000 don neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions are attributable to smoking. Smoking is also responsible for 15% of all preterm births (Cohen & Barton, 1998; MMWR, 1997). The average cost to care for one of these infants range from $4,256-$8,640. jose These figures do not incorporate the extra health care costs of babies who survive but have long-term health care needs due to their initial condition (Cohen & Barton, 1998). cigar When factors such as hospitalizations and physician costs at birth, rehospitalization costs in the first year of life (hospital costs only), and long-term healthcare costs are considered, the cost then ascends to $9,000--$23,000 (Windsor, et al., don 1993). As for the mother; the average cost of care for women with the conditions that reveal a positive correlation with smoking is 68%-100% greater than that of normal deliveries, ranging from $7606-$40,069 (Adams et al., 1998). Although women continue to self-report smoking, Hueston, Mainous, & Farrell jose (1994) along with Hutchison et al. (1996) are in agreement that pregnancy is a time when women cigar may be particularly receptive to smoking cessation interventions. As investigations into the harmful effects of smoking continue, programs that share a common goal of discouraging tobacco use are constantly being implemented in public health settings. In recent years, special attention has been placed on targeting such programs to pregnant women. Although it is common practice for health care providers don to encourage smoking cessation in their pregnant patients, general practitioners rarely use effective smoking cessation techniques and are therefore unlikely to reduce the public health impact of smoking (Humair & Ward, 1998). Studies demonstrated that the application of systematic, jose multicomponent, prenatal interventions by dedicated providers who used material designed specifically for pregnant women resulted in much higher quit rates than those found in usual care settings cigar (Floyd et al., 1993).

RESULTSThe ANOVA revealed a statistically significant difference in mother''s age (M=24.2, 25.9, 24.9; F= 3.87; p = .021), where M equals the mean score for the group that did not receive smoking cessation, the group that began but did not complete the program, and the women who remained in the program throughout their pregnancy, respectively. A statistically significant difference was noted in the number of service units received from the smoking cessation health educator (M= .04, 15.1, 19.7; F= 86.51, p< .001). Significance was further noted in the change in the number of cigarettes smoked (M= .04, 1.9, 8.2; F= 131.41; p< .001). don Statistically jose significant associations were also reported with the number of cigarettes reported at entry into the program (M= 2.4, 13.1, 12.43; F= 383.26, p< .00I) and the number of cigarettes reported at exit (M= .99, 13.0, 4.3; F=98.23, p< .001). As for birth outcomes, this analysis failed to reveal a significant difference for prematurity (M= 0.28, 0.33, 0.23; F= 1.48, p= .228) and the birthweight of the baby (M= 3194.2, 3032.4, 3161.6; F= 2.87, p= .05). There was, however, a significant difference with SGA (M= -8.7,-8.3,-8.8; F= 4.13, p= .016). These findings are summarized in Table 1. With the exception of SGA, the results of the birth cigar outcome measures presented in this data failed to support the findings of other researchers, who suggest that smoking cessation reduces the rate of low birth weight and premature births. One possible reason for this is the effects of the small sample size. With 803 of the women who were initially contacted being excluded from the analysis, it is possible that the sample of only 341 women limited the power of the statistical test, thus hindering it''s ability to detect any potential differences in the birth outcomes between the groups of women. Of the subjects included in the analysis, women who did don not receive smoking jose cessation services or who began but did not complete the smoking cessation program cigar had similar birth outcomes to those women who did complete the don program. Hence, the comparisons made between the three groups of women failed to suggest a strong association between the impact of the smoking cessation program on low birthweight jose and premature births.

ResultsThe sample characteristics reflected the convenience sampling scheme by which the majority of participants in this study were recruited through asthma-related clinics or organizations cigar serving low-income, largely minority populations. More than 70% of the adult respondents reported an annual household don income of less than $20,000, and more than 80% classified their race/ethnicity as other than white. Mothers made jose up more than 90% of the adult respondents in the parentchild pairs. Approximately 29% of the respondents reported living in single-parent households (Table 1).Although all study subjects came from smoking households, overall levels of smoking and ETS exposure reported by the parents were low, with more than cigar half of the respondents reporting no hours of smoking indoors, and no hours of indoor ETS exposure among their children (Table 2). On average, more household smoking reportedly occurred outside the home than inside the home, and nearly half of the respondents reported that absolutely no smoking was allowed inside their home. The urine cotinine concentrations also indicated low levels of ETS exposure among the children, with measurements comparable to those found in other studies for households reporting low or no household ETS exposure. (10) Moreover, increasing restrictions placed on household smoking were significantly associated with lower urinary cotinine concentrations in children with asthma (Fig. 1). In the simple linear-regression analyses, parent-reported level of household restriction on indoor smoking accounted for the greatest amount of variation in urine cotinine concentration (Table 3). Total number of cigarretts smoked by household members per day, presence of maternal smoking, total reported number of hours smoking indoors, and total reported number of hours of children''s exposure to indoor smoking were all also significantly and positively associated with cotinine concentration. Presence of paternal smoking was associated negatively with urine cotinine concentration.